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English Language
a glossary of terms
- Abbreviations
- letter(s) or shortened word used instead of a full word or phrase
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Accent
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the features of pronunciation which indicate the regional or the social identity of a speaker
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Acquisition
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the process by which language skills are developed - particularly in infancy
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Adjectives
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a word which modifies a noun or a pronoun
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Adverbs
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a word which modifies a verb, an adverb, or an adjective
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Agreement
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the grammatical logic and coherence between parts of a sentence
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Alliteration
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the repetition of consonant sounds - usually at the beginning of words
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Apostrophes
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a raised comma used to denote either possession or contraction
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Articles
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a word that specifies whether a noun is definite or indefinite
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Assonance
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the repetition of vowel sounds
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Audience
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the person or persons receiving a speech or piece of writing
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Brackets
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Curved or square punctuation marks enclosing words inserted into a text
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Capitals
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Upper-case letters used to indicate names, titles, and important words
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Clauses
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a structural unit of language which is smaller than the sentence but larger than phrases or words, and which contains a finite verb
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Cliché
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an over-used phrase or expression
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Colons
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a punctuation mark indicating a pause ranking between a semicolon and a full stop
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Commas
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a punctuation mark indicating a short pause in a sentence
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Conjunction
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a word which connects words or other constructions
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Consonant
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an alphabetic element other than a vowel
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Context
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the setting in which speech or writing takes place
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Dialect
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a form of speech peculiar to a district, class, or person
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Diglossia
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the existence of two official languages in a society
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Diphthong
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two vowel characters representing the sound of a single vowel
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Ellipsis
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the omission of words from a sentence
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Figure of speech
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expressive use language in non-literal form to produce striking effect
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Form
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the outward appearance or structure of language, as opposed to its function, meaning, or social use
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Full stop
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a punctuation mark indicating the end of a sentence
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Function
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the role language plays to express ideas or attitudes
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Grammar
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the study of sentence structure, especially with reference to syntax and semantics
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Grapheme
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the smallest unit in the writing system of a language
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Graphology
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the study of writing systems
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Homonyms
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words with the same spelling but with different meanings
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Hyphen
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a short horizontal mark used to connect words or syllables, or to divide words into parts
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Idiom
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a sequence of words which forms a whole unit of meaning
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Irony
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saying [or writing] one thing, whilst meaning the opposite
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Intonation
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the use of pitch in speech to create contrast and variation
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Jargon
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the technical language of an occupation or group
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Language change
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the development and changes in a language
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Lexis
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the vocabulary of a language, especially in dictionary form
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Metaphor
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a figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another
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Metonymy
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a figure of speech in which an attribute is substituted for the whole
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Morpheme
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the smallest unit of meaning in grammar
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Morphology
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a branch of grammar which studies the structure of words
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Narrator
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the person (named or unknown) who is telling a story
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Noun
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a word which names an object
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Onomatopoeia
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a word that sounds like the thing it describes
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Oxymoron
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a figure of speech which yokes two contradictory terms
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Paradox
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a figure of speech in which an apparent contradiction contains a truth
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Paragraph
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a distinct passage of writing which is unified by an idea or a topic
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Parenthesis
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a word, clause or even sentence which is inserted into a sentence to which it does not grammatically belong
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Participle
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a word derived from a verb and used as an adjective or a noun
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Phonetics
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the study of the production, transmission, and reception of speech sounds
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Phonology
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a study of the sounds in any language
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Phrase
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a group of words, smaller than a clause, which forms a grammatical unit
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Point of view
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a term from literary studies which describes the perspective or source of a piece of writing
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Preposition
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a word which governs and typically precedes a noun or a pronoun
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Pronoun
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a word that can substitute for a noun or a noun phrase
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Punctuation
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a system of marks used to introduce pauses and interruption into writing
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Received pronunciation
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the regionally neutral, prestige accent of British English
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Semantics
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the study of linguistic meaning
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Semicolon
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a punctuation mark which indicates a pause longer than a comma, but shorter than a colon
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Sentence
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a set of words which form a grammatically complete statement, usually containing a subject, verb, and object
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Simile
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a figure of speech in which one thing is directly likened to another
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Slang
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informal, non-standard vocabulary
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Speech
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the oral medium of transmission for language
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Spelling
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the convention governing the representation of words by letters in writing systems
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Standard English
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a dialect representing English speech and writing comprehensible to most users
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Structure
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the arrangement of parts or ideas in a piece of writing
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Style
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aspects of writing (or speech) which have an identifiable character
generally used in a positive sense to indicate 'pleasing effects'
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Stylistic analysis
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the study of stylistic effects in writing
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Symbol
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an object which represents something other than its self
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Synonym
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a word which means (almost) the same as another
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Syntax
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the arrangement of words to show relationships of meaning within a sentence
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Tense
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the form taken by a verb to indicate time (as in past-present-future)
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Text
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any piece of writing or object being studied
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Tone
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an author's or speaker's attitude, as revealed in 'quality of voice' or 'selection of language'
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Verb
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a term expressing an action or a state of being
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Vocabulary
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the particular selection or types of words chosen in speech or writing
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Vowel
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the open sounds made in speech - as (mainly) distinct from consonants
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Writing
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the use of visual symbols to represent words which act as a code for communication
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