Referencing Electronic Sources

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<< DOWNLOADS << WRITING SKILLS << STUDY SKILLS Referencing Electronic Sources Referencing 1. More and more data is now stored electronically in a variety of forms. 2. When quoting, your sources may be in some digital form. 3. The information might be stored in different types of location. 4. Many of these locations are known as Internet 'sites' or 'addresses'. 5. The sources you are most likely to encounter are as follows: * FTP site * Web site * Newsgroup * CD-ROM * E-mail Accuracy 1. Details of addresses should be recorded with complete accuracy. 2. All use of capital and lower case letters must be respected. 3. All punctuation must be recorded exactly as given. 4. No punctuation should be added. 5. For instance, don't put a full stop at the end of an address: http://www.mantex.co.uk not http://www.mantex.co.uk. 6. Typographic symbols (#,@,!,~) should be incorporated accurately. 7. You should also include a record of the date the site was visited. 8. Electronic documents may easily be updated at any time. Stylewriter is a software program which offers help with writing skills such as summarising, editing, and proof-reading your work. It also offers a selection of writing styles to choose from - academic writing, journalism, formal prose, and so on. Mistakes and suggestions for improvement are highlighted and implemented with a click of the button. Immediate download. Very popular. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Sites 1. When giving reference to sources located via FTP, you should provide the following information. The electronic 'address' of the document is enclosed in angle brackets (which are optional). * the author's name (if known) * the full title of the document in quotation marks * the date of publication (if available) * the abbreviation ftp * the address of the ftp site, with no closing punctuation * the full path to the paper, with no closing punctuation * the date of access in parentheses Example: Bruckman, Amy. "Approaches to Managing Deviant Behavior in Virtual Communities." <ftp://ftp.media.mit.edu/pub/asb/papers/deviance-chi-94> (4 Dec. 1994). World Wide Web (WWW) Sites 1. To cite files available for viewing or downloading via the World Wide Web by means of Lynx, Netscape, or other Web browsers, you should provide the following information: * the author's name (if known) * the full title of the document in quotation marks * the title of the complete work if applicable in italics * the date of publication or last revision (if available) * the full http address (URL) enclosed within angle brackets [ HTTP = HyperText Transfer Protocol ] [ URL = Uniform Resource Locator ] * the date of visit in parentheses Example: Burka, Lauren P. "A Hypertext History of Multi-User Dimensions." MUD History. 1993. <http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/1pb/mud-history.html> (5 Dec. 1994). Newsgroup (USENET) messages 1. When citing information posted by participants in newgroup discussions, you should provide the following information: * the author's name (if known) * the author's e-mail address, enclosed in angle brackets * the subject line from the posting in quotation marks * the date of publication * the name of the newsgroup, enclosed in angle brackets * the date of access in parentheses Example: Slade, Robert. <res@maths.bath.ac.uk> "UNIX Made Easy." 26 Mar. 1996. <alt.books.reviews> (31 Mar. 1996). E-mail messages 1. When citing electronic mail correspondence, you should provide the following information: * the author's name * the author's e-mail address, enclosed in angle brackets * the subject line from the posting in quotation marks * the date of publication * the kind of communication * the date of access in parentheses Example: Franke, Norman. <franke1@llnl.gov> "SoundApp 2.0.2." 29 Apr. 1996. Personal e-mail. (3 May 1996). CD-ROM disk 1. When citing information located on a CD-ROM disk, the source is treated as if it were a normal (print) publication, and you should provide the following information: * the author's name (if known) * the full title of the document in quotation marks * the full title of the CD-ROM * the publisher * the date of publication (if available) Example: Norman Higginbottam, "The Sounds of Muzak", Beethoven Revisited, Digital Resources, 1996. Details gratefully quoted and adapted with permission from Andrew Harnack and Gene Kleppinger, online! a reference guide to using internet sources, St Martin's Press, 1997. Full review and further details. Study Skills is a software program which covers every aspect of study skills - reading, writing, research, revision, exams, and even presentations. Can be used for self-instruction, for reference, or as a HELP program whilst using a word-processor. Instant access to guidance notes with extensive hypertext links. Suitable for all students in further and higher education.
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